RAN

This report explores the significant transformations in mobile network architecture following the commercialization of 5G. It highlights the shift from vertically integrated systems reliant on dedicated equipment from telecom vendors to horizontally separated architectures that combine general-purpose hardware with virtualized software. The report focuses on the growing importance of vRAN (Virtualized Radio Access Network) and Open RAN (Open Radio Access Network) as core technologies supporting future mobile networks, detailing their benefits, challenges, and the geopolitical implications of their adoption.